Research Publications

Authors

Manga, Abdul Rachman; Nirmala; Azis, Huzain; Fattah, Farniwati; Salim, Yulita; Darwis, Herdianti, Departement of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

Flower image classification poses a challenge in digital image processing, requiring effective methods for feature extraction and classification. The aim of this research is to improve the accuracy of flower image classification by employing ResNet-50 for feature extraction, with and without segmentation, and evaluating the effectiveness of various classification algorithms. The dataset consists of images of Calendula and Coreopsis flowers, totaling 2,025 samples. Four segmentation techniques-Canny, Thresholding, Otsu, and Mean Shift-along with a non-segmentation approach are applied. The features extracted using ResNet-50 are classified with Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, and K-Neighbors Classifier (KNN). Performance evaluation is conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score with 5-fold cross-validation. The results show that SVM delivers the best performance in most scenarios. The highest accuracy in segmentation scenarios was achieved with the Mean Shift technique at 0.91, while the non-segmentation approach yielded the highest accuracy of 0.95. The non-segmentation approach proves more effective, indicating segmentation is not always required for high classification accuracy with ResNet-50. This study shows that ResNet-50, especially without segmentation, can significantly improve flower image classification compared to traditional methods, opening opportunities for more efficient systems.

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Authors

Salim, Yulita; Rakasyah, Athar Fathana; Darwis, Herdianti; Herlinda; Irawati; Manga, Abdul Rachman, Departement of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

In the era of burgeoning image data, the demand for robust image classification algorithms has never been more pressing. This research article delves into the realm of image classification, encompassing a comprehensive analysis of diverse datasets and machine learning algorithms, While simultaneously studying the efficiency of ensemble approaches in improving classification performance. The study employs five distinct datasets, spanning medical images, everyday objects, and natural scenery, ensuring a broad spectrum of classification challenges. These datasets include the Skin Cancer ISIC dataset, CIFAR-10, Flowers, Apparel Image, and Brain Tumor dataset. The image classes within these data sets vary significantly, presenting an ideal testbed for assessing algorithmic versatility. Our investigation scrutinizes five machine learning algorithms: Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Random Forest Classifier (RFC), Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB). Each algorithm is evaluated individually, followed by a comprehensive ensemble approach involving a Voting Classifier. The results unveil nuanced performance variations across diverse datasets. Notably, RFC and GBC exhibit remarkable accuracy in brain tumor image classification, while KNN demonstrates strengths in classifying apparel images. Ensemble techniques, embodied by the Voting Classifier, harmonize these algorithms, yielding competitive and balanced performance across the datasets. This article contributes valuable insights into the realm of image classification, shedding light on algorithmic strengths and limitations, the efficacy of ensemble techniques, and their applicability to diverse image datasets. These findings hold significance for fields ranging from medical diagnostics to everyday object recognition, paving the way for more precise and versatile image classification solution

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Authors

Darwis, Herdianti; Puspitasari, Rahma; Purnawansyah; Astuti, Wistiani; Atmajaya, Dedy; Hasnawi, Mardiyyah, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

This research investigates the use of deep learning for automatic waste classification, specifically using ResNet50 for feature extraction and combining it with various classification algorithms. The dataset comprises 1889 images categorized into four classes: plastic, metal, cardboard, and paper. Two approaches were evaluated: direct classification and feature extraction with ResNet50. The direct classification models, including SVM, KNN, and Random Forest, resulted in low performance, with an average accuracy of 60%. However, using ResNet50 for feature extraction significantly improved the classification accuracy across all models, with the combination of ResNet50 and SVM achieving an accuracy of 91%, and precision, recall, and F1-Score exceeding 92%. This demonstrates the effectiveness of ResNet50's feature extraction capability in enhancing the classification of images. The findings suggest that combining feature extraction and classification models provides a more accurate and efficient solution for automatic waste management systems, supporting the recycling process and waste management efficiency.

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Authors

Purnawansyah; Supriadi, Naufal Abiyyu; Manga, Abdul Rachman; Adawiyah, Rabiatul; Harlinda; Hasanuddin, Tasrif, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

The volume of network traffic is ever-increasing, hence making DDoS attacks serious threats to the integrity of network security. This research paper focuses on improving the accuracy of detecting DDoS attacks using the ensemble machine learning methods of stacking, bagging, voting, and gradient boosting. In this work, is dataset big enough to correctly reflect real network traffic is used for training and testing purposes. The results indicate that gradient boosting has an accuracy rate of 0.99, followed by stacking and bagging, at 0.98. In this regard, both approaches tend to be efficient in the identification of the attack with limited errors in the prediction. Accordingly, the ensemble technique thus provides a robust approach toward the detection of DDoS attacks, while the study provides important information on the implementation of such strategies in real-time network security systems. Additional investigation is advised to examine supplementary datasets and optimize hyperparameters in order to enhance detection efficacy.

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Authors

Satra, Ramdan; Dahlan, Imram Afdillah; Darwis, Herdianti; Purnawansyah; Mujaddid, Syariful; Fattah, Farniwati, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

This study focuses on comparing the performance of K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), TabNet, and Wide & deep learning methods in classifying Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on Software-Defined Networks (SDN). The use of SDN enables centralized control of network infrastructure, making it vulnerable to DDoS attacks occur due to the centralized nature of SDN architecture. Machine learning models, including KNN, TabNet, and Wide & deep learning, are applied to an SDN-specific DDoS dataset to evaluate their effectiveness in accurately classifying normal and malicious traffic. These models were tested using various data splits (60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10) to determine the optimal ratio for training and validation. KNN exhibited the highest accuracy, reaching 98% in both 80:20 and 90:10 splits, while wide & deep learning achieved 94.99% accuracy, and TabNet demonstrated a 93.59% accuracy. The results suggest that KNN, despite being a simpler algorithm, outperforms the more complex deep learning models in this specific task. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers and network administrators in selecting effective machine learning algorithms for DDoS detection in SDN environments.

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Authors

Darwis, Herdianti; Pagala, Arya Nanda Pratama; Anraeni, Siska; Amaliah, Tazkirah; As'ad, Ihwana; Tenripada, Andi Ulfah, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

Childfree is the choice to live without having or adopting children. This phenomenon is still considered a sensitive topic in Indonesia, where the prevailing belief holds that the primary goal of marriage is to have children. Numerous individuals share their perspectives on this matter through Twitter. In this research, 6654 raw data have been collected from Twitter using crawling techniques using Rapidminer and scraping using website scrape based on the keyword “childfree” which is preprocessed into clean data. The sentiment analysis model carried out includes categorizing childfree sentiment based on religious, medical and economic fields, then measuring the performance of the support vector machine, involving several methods such as RoBERTa labeling, bigram tokenizing, term frequency inverse document frequency weighting, 5 cross validation training, and synthetic minority over-sampling technique with edited nearest neighbors. The research results show that the economic category is the most influential field with 722 related sentiments, the accuracy performance of SVM gives a value of 75.95% on the linear kernel and the application of SMOTEENN gives a value of 95.94% on the linear kernel, it is proven that using SMOOTEENN can overcome data imbalance.

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Authors

Gaffar, Andi Widya Mufila; Azmi, Nurul; Alwi, Erick Irawadi; Abdullah, Syahrul Mubarak; Adawiyah, Rabiatul; Widyawati, Dewi, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

MRI is a very important diagnostic tool in finding brain tumors, but recently the development of manual interpretation of MRI images has developed some challenges, such as diagnosis is often delayed, and there is a high chance of making mistakes. Recently, to hurry up the process, brain tumor detection has started applying machine learning methods. The classification of MRI images for brain tumors is done in this research paper by extracting their features with the ResNet-50 model. The classical machine learning algorithms that have been applied in the paper for classifying the tumors using the extracted features include Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Random Forest. In this respect, SVM and KNN have yielded the highest accuracy of 0.95 and 0.96 respectively, hence are the best methods in this task. The study's findings contribute to the development of quicker and more precise methods to help with brain tumor diagnosis in a medical context.

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Authors

Manga, Abdul Rachman; Nanda, As'syahrin, Department of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia; Handayani, Anik Nur; Herwanto, Heru Wahyu, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Asmara, Rosa Andrie, Information Technology Department, State Polytechnic of Malang, Malang, Indonesia; Lantara, Dirgahayu, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

Data classification plays a crucial role in artificial intelligence, particularly in enhancing model accuracy. This study focuses on classifying Toraja buffalo, a livestock breed with significant cultural importance in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. While the Single Input Approach is commonly used for classification, it often fails to capture all the necessary attributes to effectively distinguish between racial traits. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-input approach, which integrates multiple data inputs to improve classification performance compared to the Single Input method. We employed four classification techniques: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree, using both Single Input and Multi Input configurations. Model performance was assessed through Precision, Recall, F1 Score, and Accuracy metrics. The findings indicate that the Multi Input approach consistently outperformed the Single Input method. Notably, KNN achieved its best performance with Multi Input, recording an F1 Score of 0.7263 and an Accuracy of 0.7333, significantly surpassing the results obtained from Single Input. Similarly, SVM also demonstrated substantial performance enhancements with Multi Input. Overall, the study highlights the importance of incorporating a wider array of informative data to enhance the model's capability in accurately classifying specific categories, with KNN showing the most pronounced improvements

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Authors

Purnawansyah; Adnan, Adam; Darwis, Herdianti, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo KM 5, Makassar, 90231, Indonesia; Wibawa, Aji Prasetya, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Widyaningtyas, Triyanna; Haviluddin, Universitas Mulawarman, Jl. Kuaro, Samarinda, 75119, Indonesia

Abstract

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) plays a crucial role in humancomputer interaction, yet improving its accuracy remains a significant challenge. This study aims to enhance the robustness and effectiveness of FER systems by integrating multiple machine learning techniques within a semi-supervised learning framework. The primary objective is to develop a more effective ensemble model that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), and Random Forest classifiers, utilizing both labeled and unlabeled data. The research implements data augmentation and feature extraction techniques, utilizing advanced architectures such as VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3 to improve the quality and representation of facial expression data. Evaluations were conducted across three dataset scenarios: original, feature-extracted, and augmented, using various labelto- unlabeled ratios. The results indicate that the ensemble model achieved a notable accuracy improvement of 87% on the augmented dataset compared to individual classifiers and other ensemble methods, demonstrating superior performance in handling occlusions and diverse data conditions. However, several limitations exist. The study's reliance on the JAFFE dataset may restrict its generalizability, as it may not cover the full range of facial expressions encountered in real-world scenarios. Additionally, the effect of label-to-unlabeled ratios on the model's performance requires further exploration. Computational efficiency and training time were also not evaluated, which are critical considerations for practical implementation. For future research, it is recommended to employ cross-validation methods for more robust performance evaluation, explore additional data augmentation techniques, optimize ensemble configurations, and address the computational efficiency of the model to better advance FER technologies.

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Authors

Herman; Putra Muhammad Dani Arya, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia; Nasir, Haidawati, MIIT University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Darwis, Herdianti; Mansyur, St. Hajrah, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia; Noor, Megat Nurolazmi MM, MIIT University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

This study focuses on being able to classify traditional Toraja carvings using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), focusing on three CNN architectures, specifically VGG-16, VGG-19, and a model that is concatenated from both. The aim is to determine the most effective architecture and ratio of training data and validation data sharing to achieve the highest classification accuracy. The image dataset consisting of seven different Toraja carving motifs or classes underwent data pre-processing, namely data augmentation, to improve model generalization and reduce overfitting. Experiments were conducted using four scenarios of training data and validation data separation. The final outcome of this research is that VGG-16 reached the best validation performance of 97.36% with a data 90%: 10% separation. It manifests its superior ability to Capture the information of complicated Toraja carving motifs. VGG-19 and the combined model also performed well, but the results were still below the best results of VGG-16 and emphasized that the VGG-16 architecture, especially with a data separation of 90%:10%, is the most reliable CNN architecture for accurately classifying Toraja carvings.

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Authors

Herman; Darwis, Herdianti; Nurfauziyah; Puspitasari, Rahma; Widyawati, Dewi; Faradibah, Amaliah, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to classify anxiety disorders in adolescents using three machine learning algorithms, namely naive bayes, C4.5, and K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN). The data used was taken from the DASS-21 questionnaire, which contains 418 samples with 11 attributes, including age, gender, and seven anxiety-related questions. The algorithm was tested using the holdout technique with 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 data splits, as well as the k-fold cross-validation technique. The results showed that the C4.5 algorithm performed best with 100% accuracy in the holdout technique, followed by naive bayes with 99% accuracy, and K-NN with 94% accuracy. In cross-validation testing, C4.5 also showed the highest accuracy of 98%, while naive bayes and K-NN achieved 89% and 92% respectively. This study concludes that the C4.5 algorithm is superior in classifying anxiety compared to naive bayes and K-NN, so it can be relied upon for machine learning-based diagnostic applications in supporting the detection of anxiety disorders efficiently.

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Authors

Azis, Huzain; Nasrullah, Departement of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia; Abdullah Munaisyah; Ismail, Suriana, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Purnawansyah; Syafie, Lukman, , Departement of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in aerial imaging is expanding rapidly, particularly in traffic monitoring and intelligent transportation systems. Detecting small and occluded vehicles in aerial images poses significant challenges due to varying resolutions and obstructions like buildings or trees. This study seeks to enhance vehicle detection accuracy by improving You Only Look Once (YOLO) models, with a focus on small and occluded object detection. Utilizing the COWC-M dataset and advanced data augmentation techniques such as Mosaic Augmentation, this research evaluates multiple YOLO variants. The YOLOv8-L model achieved the highest mAP50 score of 0.9899, demonstrating superior detection accuracy for small objects. Additionally, the YOLOv10-L model outperformed others with the best mAP50–95 score of 0.8715, indicating strong results across different intersection-over-union (IoU) ranges. Compared to YOLO-RTUAV, which achieved an mAP50 of 0.9353, the newer YOLO models provide significant improvements in both precision and recall. These findings contribute to the development of highly efficient, real-time vehicle detection systems suitable for large-scale surveillance applications in complex environments.

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Authors

Syafie, Lukman, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Rismayanti, Universitas Negeri Malang, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia

Abstract

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in aging men, often requiring early diagnosis to prevent urinary complications and improve patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic procedures are limited by subjectivity and accessibility, especially in under-resourced regions. This study proposes an automated diagnostic approach using a deep learning model based on DenseNet121 to classify RGB prostate images into BPH and normal categories. A region-specific dataset consisting of 176 labeled RGB images, collected from a clinical facility in Bangladesh, was used to train and evaluate the model. Pre-processingincluded image resizing, normalization, and data augmentation to enhance generalization. Transfer learning was employed to fine-tune the model, which was trained over 10 epochs using the Adam optimizer and cross-entropy loss. The model achieved a best validation accuracy of 94.12%, with a recall of 72.2% for BPH detection, demonstrating its ability to identify pathological patterns in simple imaging modalities. Despite challenges such as dataset size and imbalance, the findings indicate that RGB image-based deep learning models can support clinical diagnosis of BPH in low-resource settings. This work contributes a lightweight, accessible solution for prostate disease screening and provides a foundation for future research on scalable AI-assisted diagnostics

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Authors

Harlinda; Rendi, Ahmad; Azis, Huzain; Indra, Dolly; Hayati, Lilis Nur; Kurniati, Nia, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

The Cia-cia script, one of Indonesia's threatened cultural heritages, was chosen as the object of study due to the lack of research and documentation on the script. This study aims to create an automated system for classifying Cia-cia letters by utilizing the MobileNetV2 architecture and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). By applying deep learning techniques, the developed system achieves high accuracy, reaching 98.35% after 100 epochs. The research involved collecting 1823 handwriting samples covering 23 Ciacia alphabets, processed through a series of augmentation and normalization techniques to improve model performance. The results show that artificial intelligence-based technology is effective in documenting and preserving traditional scripts, while providing a foundation for the development of educational applications that can reintroduce Cia-cia alphabets to the younger generation. This research contributes to cultural preservation by integrating modern technology to ensure the continued use of the Cia-cia script in the digital era.

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Authors

Febriany, Mila, Departemen Kedokteran Gigi Anak, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar; Puspitasari, Yustisia, Departemen Ortodonsia, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar; Pamewa, Kurniaty, Departemen Kedokteran Gigi Anak, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar; Salim, Yulita, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar

Abstract

Pemberian makan merupakan salah satu faktor predisposisi perkembangan Early Childhood Caries(ECC) yang umumnya terjadi pada usia anak prasekolah. Masa perkembangan anak mengalami peningkatan yang pesat pada usia 0-5 tahun, yang disebut fase “Golden Age”. Pada masa ini, kita dapat mendeteksi adanya kelainan tumbuh kembang anak yang meliputi aspek fisik, psikologi, dan sosial. Makanan memberikan nutrisi serta energi yang penting untuk kesehatan manusia. Korelasi antara zat gizi, makanan, dan pola makan memiliki implikasi terhadap pencegahan dan perkembangan penyakit kronis. Salah satu aspek psikologi yang dapat dipantau oleh orang tua adalah adanya gangguan perilaku makan. Diet dan nutrisi yang diberikan orang tua berpengaruh pada cara dan sikap orang tua terhadap pemberian makanan. Kesadaran tentang perilaku makan anak bermanifestasi pada karies anak usia dini dapat menjadi faktor penyebab gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak di kemudian hari. Selain pola makan, teknik dan pembiasaan menyikat gigi turut berkontribusi dalam perkembangan karies anak. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan tehnik penyuluhan langsung tentang perilaku makan menggunakan LCD diikuti pelatihan tehnik menyikat gigi. Kesimpulan pengabdian ini yakni pentingnya edukasi perilaku makan dan pelatihan teknik menyikat gigi yang berkasinambungan untuk ibu dan anak. Hasil yang didapatkan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan perilaku makan pada ibu, peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai teknik menyikat gigi pada balita dan anak-anak, pencegahan terjadinya ECC pada anak-anak dengan pemberian topical application fluor, bantuan sikat dan pasta gigi pada masyarakat, serta penyerahan media penyuluhan di kantor Desa Paddinging.

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Authors

As'ad, Ihwana, Program StudiSistem Informasi, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia; Salim, Yulita; Azis, Huzain, Program StudiTeknik Informatika, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract

Anak-anak dan remaja sering menggunakan media sosial dan bermain game secara berlebihan, yang dapat berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan dan prestasi akademik. Kurangnya kesadaran akan keamanan digital dan etika penggunaan teknologi menjadikan mereka rentan terhadap ancaman siber. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan literasi digital siswa Sekolah Kebangsaan Syeikh Mohd Idris Al-Marbawi di Malaysia melalui workshop interaktif. Metode pelaksanaan meliputi analisis kebutuhan, penyusunan dan pelaksanaan materi pelatihan, kepada 20 siswa kelas 5. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan pemahaman siswa terhadap penggunaan gadget yang bijak dan etika digital. Kegiatan ini juga mendorong pengembangan kemampuan interpersonal dan kesadaran terhadap keamanan siber.

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